Arteriovenous renal endoscopy generally refers to the endoscopic evaluation or retrograde access of the kidney in patients with renal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). These are abnormal communications between renal arteries and veins. AVFs are typically single direct connections, most often acquired from trauma, iatrogenic injury (e.g., biopsy, surgery), or spontaneous degeneration, while AVMs are complex networks of vessels with a vascular nidus, usually congenital